Fiske, A. P. (1992). “The four elementary forms of sociality: Framework for a unified theory of social relations.” Psychological Review, 99(4), 689-723.

Proposes that people across cultures build their social relationships from four elementary models: communal sharing (members of a bounded group treated as equivalent), authority ranking (linear ordering by rank), equality matching (turn-taking, even balance, in-kind reciprocity) and market pricing (ratios and proportional exchange). The models are cognitive structures that people use to generate, interpret and judge relationships. Cultures differ in how they implement each model and in which model they apply to which domain, and most real relationships combine several. The fuller statement is Fiske’s Structures of Social Life (1991).

Relational Models Theory is the closest measured framework to the TIME forms. Communal sharing, authority ranking and market pricing map strongly onto the T, I and M forms. Equality matching splits between T-form reciprocity (irrigation turns) and E-form peer parity, and no model corresponds to outward-reaching E-form collaboration. Fiske’s finding that people apply different models to different domains supports a domain-sensitive TIME profile over a fixed type (these mappings are the author’s inference).

Cited by