Dudley, N., Baker, C., Chatterton, P., Ferwerda, W.H., Gutierrez, V., & Madgwick, J. (2021). The 4 Returns Framework for Landscape Restoration. UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration report. Commonland, Wetlands International, Landscape Finance Lab and IUCN Commission on Ecosystem Management.
The report presents the framework Willem Ferwerda developed from 2012: a restored landscape should deliver a return of inspiration, a social return, a natural return and a financial return within one generation, planned across natural, combined and economic zones over twenty years. According to the 1000 Landscapes guide, it also incorporates the five elements of integrated landscape management. The wiki reads the four returns alongside its own regenerative value vocabulary. This note draws on the 1000L guide and Scherr et al. (2026); the report’s full text has not yet been reviewed for the wiki.