Howson, P. (2018). “Slippery Violence in the REDD+ Forests of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia.” Conservation and Society 16(2): 136–146.
A field study of a REDD+ carbon project in Central Kalimantan. Howson describes “violent exclusions from REDD+ forests” that are “of an implicit kind,” and argues that the push to make the project market-ready “was also a cause of structural violence, excluding already marginalised farmers and labourers from project benefits.” He draws on Galtung and Paul Farmer and says he does “not attempt to police a strict definition of violence.” The wiki cites it as the one published precedent found for calling exclusion from conservation finance benefits violence. It covers carbon finance in one project; the extension to water finance is Michael Haupt’s.