Galtung, J. (1969). “Violence, Peace, and Peace Research.” Journal of Peace Research 6(3): 167–191.
The article that gave peace research its wide definition of violence: “violence is present when human beings are being influenced so that their actual somatic and mental realizations are below their potential realizations” (p. 168). Violence is the cause of the gap “between what could have been and what is,” and “when the actual is unavoidable, then violence is not present.” Structural violence has no identifiable actor and appears “as unequal power and consequently as unequal life chances” (p. 171). The wiki uses the definition as a test with two conditions: a demonstrated shortfall in well-being, and a shortfall that could have been avoided. Critics, Coady chief among them, argue the definition stretches the word too far.